| PARKINSON'S SYMPTOMS | Adapted from Tables 1 and 2 of Parkinson's Medications from the Parkinson's Foundation and from the Michael J. Fox Foundation |
|---|---|
| Vocalizations | |
| Urinary urgency | |
| Trihexyphenedyl (formerly Artane) | (Anticolinergic) - Mono therapy or comb therapy for trmor in Young Onset - Avoid in elderly |
| Tremor | Involuntary shaking of the hands, feet, arms, legs, jaw or tongue; usually more prominent at rest (during sleep) |
| Tolcapone (Tasmar) | (COMT-Inhibitor) - Combination therapy with Levodopa for motor fluctuations; more side effects than Entacapone |
| THERAPIES | |
| Swallowing problems | |
| Support groups | |
| Speech Therapy | |
| Speech problems | |
| Sleep disorders | |
| Side Effects | Beneficial or adverse effects of the one intended, including long-term consequences |
| Sexual dysfunction | Pain, tightness, tingling, burning |
| Sensory problems | |
| Seligline HCL (Zelapar) | (MAO-B Inhibitor) - The only orally disintegrating MAO-B; Monotherapy for slowness, stiffness and tremor, adjunct theory for motor fluctuations |
| Selegiline (Edepryl) | (MAO-B Inhibitor) Monotherapy for slowness, stiffness and tremor, adjunct therapy for motor fluctuations |
| Seborrhea | Oily skin |
| Rotigitine (Neupro patch) | (Dopomine Agonist) For quicker delivery - Mono/combination therapy for slowness, stiffness, tremor |
| Ropinerole (Requip) | (Dopomine Agonist) Formularies are Requip, Ropinerole XL - Mono/comb therapy for slowness, stiffness, tremor |
| Rigidity | Stiffness of movement |
| Restless leg syndrome (RLS) | (RBD) |
| REM behavioral disorder | |
| Rasagiline (Azilect) | (MAO-B Inhibitor) Monotherapy for slowness, stiffness and tremor, adjunct therapy for motor fluctuations |
| Psychological Counseling | |
| Pramipexole (Mirapex) | (Dopomine Agonist) Formularies are Mirapex Pramipexole ER, - Mono/combination therapy for slowness, stiffness, tremor |
| Postural instability | Tendency to fall, usually when pivoting |
| Physical Therapy | |
| Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) | |
| OTHER TERMS | |
| Orthostatic hypotension | Lightheadedness and low blood pressure when standing |
| Occuptional therapy | |
| Nutritional consultation | |
| Non-motor symptoms | |
| Motor symptoms | |
| Mood changes | Depression, anxiety, irritability |
| MEDICATIONS | |
| MEDICAL & SCIENCE TERMS | |
| MAO-B inhibitors | Substance used to make dopamine; slows breakdown of levadopa and dopomine in the brain; can be used as monotherapy |
| Loss of sense of smell | |
| Levodopa | Absorbed into bloodstream from small intestine to brain where converted into dopomine and allowed to cross the blood-brain barrier |
| Involuntary movements | |
| Insomnia | |
| Incontinence | |
| Holistic practicing | |
| Hallucinations | |
| Freezing | |
| Fatigue | |
| Exercise, Regular | |
| Exercise, Other | |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness | |
| Entacapone (Comtan) | (COMT-Inhibitor) - Combination therapy with Levodopa for motor fluctuations |
| Education | |
| Drooling due to slowed swallowing | Sialorrhea |
| Dream enactment | |
| Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) | |
| CT Scan | CT (Computed Tomography) scan is a technique that uses a series of X-rays to create image "slices" of the body from different orientations to create a two-dimensional cross sectional images of the body. Sometimes called CAT scan |
| Creatine | A naturally occurring amino acid that helps to supply energy to muscle cells. A preliminary clinical trial in 200 Parkinson's patients, published in February 2006, suggested that creatine may slow the progression of PD and may therefore merit additional study. |
| COMT-inhibitors | Prevents peripheral degradation of Levadopa, allowing more to cross blood-brain barrier;must be used with Levadopa |
| Cognitive Dysfunction | The loss of intellectual functions (such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning) of sufficient severity to interfere with daily functioning. The term cognitive dysfunction includes dementia and executive dysfunction, and may also encompass changes in personality, mood, and behavior. Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease typically does not respond to dopamine replacement therapy and ranges from mild impairment to dementia. |
| Chorea | A general term for movement disorders that can be confused with Parkinson's disease, which are characterized by involuntary, random, jerking movements of muscles in the body, face, or extremities. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Central nervous system is a term referring to the brain and spinal cord. |
| Cell Replacement Strategy | A strategy aiming to replace cells damaged or lost by disease or injury with healthy new cells. Cell replacement in Parkinson's aims to replace with new cells the dopamine-producing cells in the brain that are progressively lost through Parkinsons's disease. |
| Care partner | (caregiver) |
| Carbidopa/ levidopa | Formularies are Sinemet, Parcopa, Sinemet CR, Stalevco, Rytary, Duopa |
| Carbidopa | A levodopa enhancer; enables an 80% reduction in levodopa for the same benefit with a reduction in side effects |
| Bradykinesia | One of the cardinal clinical features of PD, the slowing down and loss of spontaneous and voluntary movement |
| Blood-brain Barrier | A thin layer of tightly packed cells separating the central nervous system from the body's blood stream. This layer is crucial to protecting the brain from foreign substances, but also blocks some potentially therapeutic treatments from entering the brain via orally administered drugs. |
| Biomarkers | Specific, measurable physical traits used to determine or indicate the effects or progress of a disease or condition. For example, high blood pressure is a biomarker of potential cardiovascular disease. No validated biomarker of Parkinson's disease currently exists. |
| Bilateral Surgery | Surgery performed on both sides of the brain. |
| Benztropine (Cogentin) | (Anticolinergic) - Mono therapy or comb therapy for tremor in Young Onset - Avoid in elderly |
| Basal Ganglia | Any problem with the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which controls unconscious body functions that affect the bladder, bowels, sweating, sexual function and blood pressure. |
| Basal Ganglia | A region deep within the brain consisting of large clusters of neurons responsible for voluntary movements such as walking and movement coordination. Many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are brought on by loss of or damage to dopamine neurons in this region, which encompasses the striatum, the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra. |
| Autonomic Dysfunction | A movement disorder sometimes confused with Parkinson's disease that manifests in low, repetitive, involuntary, writhing movements of the arms, legs, hands, and neck that are often especially severe in the fingers and hands. |
| Athetosis | A movement disorder marked by loss of balance and decreased muscle coordination during voluntary movements. |
| Apomorphine (Apokyn) | (Dopomine Agonist) Adjunct therapy for sudden wearing off; the only injectable, fast-acting dopominergic drug |
| Antioxidant | A chemical compound or substance that inhibits oxidation - damage to cells' membranes, proteins or genetic material by free radicals (the same chemical reaction that causes iron to rust). Some studies have linked oxidative damage to Parkinson's disease. |
| Anticholinergic | A class of drugs often effective in reducing the tremor of Parkinson's disease. They work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the brain. However, because acetylcholine is involved in memory, learning and thinking, anticholinergic drugs can bring about cognitive side effects including confusion or dementia |
| Amantadine (Symmetrel) | Mono Therapy for slownes, stiffness, tremor, combine with Levodopa for motor fluctuations, esp for dykinesia |
| Alpha-synuclein | A protein if present in high conentrations in Lewy Bodies can cause a genetic mutation and a rare form of PD |
| Akinesia | Inability to move (freezing) or difficulty in initiaiting or maintaining a body motion |
| Agonist (Dopamine agonists) | Drugs used to imitate dopomine when levels are low; lowers incidence of dyskinesia and heart-related effects; increased compulsive behavior |
| Active dreaming |
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